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Common Blunt-headed Snake (Imantodes cenchoa)
Reptiles of Ecuador | Serpentes | Colubridae | Imantodes cenchoa
English common names: Common Blunt-headed Snake, Common Blunthead, Chunk-headed Snake.
Spanish common names: Cordoncillo común, dormilona común, culebra liana común.
Recognition: ♂♂ 155.4 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=98.5 cm. ♀♀ 150 cmMaximum distance from the snout to the tip of the tail. Snout–vent length=95.1 cm..1,2 Imantodes cenchoa is one of the most readily recognizable snakes in the Neotropics. Its distinctive features include an extremely slender body, a broad and truncated head clearly differentiated from the thin neck, and bulging eyes that occupy approximately a quarter of the head’s length.3–5 The dorsal scales are smooth and the vertebral row is noticeably enlarged. This species differs from I. chocoensis by having a loreal scale.6 From I. lentiferus, it differs by having 17, instead of 15, dorsal scale rows as well as by having larger and darker brown dorsal blotches (Fig. 1).7 Although it may resemble snakes of the genus Leptodeira, it differs from them by having a more compact head with more prominent eyes.7 Males of I. cenchoa have a wider head and longer tail than females.3,4
Figure 1: Individuals of Imantodes cenchoa from Ecuador: Canadé Reserve, Esmeraldas province (); Finca Heimatlos, Pastaza province (). j=juvenile.
Natural history: Imantodes cenchoa is a commonly encountered snake that inhabits rainforests in lowland and foothill areas, occurring also in the seasonally dry forest ecosystem of southwestern Ecuador.8,9 This species thrives in well-conserved forests with dense arboreal vegetation as well as in disturbed areas such as clearings, orchards, and coffee and banana plantations.4,10–16 Common Blunt-headed Snakes are exclusively nocturnal and mainly arboreal. They are typically seen gliding through, or coiled on, low (0.5–3 m) understory vegetation at night, foraging among palm leaves, branches, and bushes.4,16 Occasionally, they dwell on the canopy 30 meters above the ground17 or at ground level.18,19 Imantodes has several adaptations for the arboreal lifestyle, including the ability to raise more than half of its body in the air, with the help of its prehensile tail and vertebrae with long spines, to reach distant perches or move on very thin branches without breaking them.17 During the day, these snakes sleep in hidden spots within trees, under loose bark, in the axils of big leaves, bromeliads, under ground debris, or inside cavities in trunks.3,18,19 They tend to remain in the same area for relatively extended periods (8–15 days) after feeding.19 Imantodes cenchoa is mildly venomous (harmless to humans) and captures prey using a grab-and-hold strategy aided by constriction until the venom immobilizes it,14 then swallows it head-first.4,19–21 The diet consists almost exclusively on lizards of the genus Anolis (including A. fuscoauratus,12 A. maculiventris,16 A. punctatus,7 A. ortonii,12 and A. trachyderma22) but it can feed on other lizards (including Basiliscus,20 Enyalioides,21 and Gonatodes),11 frogs,4,7,12 and eggs of amphibians22,23 and reptiles.3 The species is known to be preyed upon by Erythrolamprus aesculapii24 and Bothrops atrox.25 Mating and fighting behavior among males have been observed in the medium stratum of primary forests.26,27 Females reach sexual maturity at a body length of approximately 620 mm, typically around two years of age.4 Clutch sizes range from 1–8 eggs,4,12 with an incubation period of 63–69 days.3,14 Gravid females and neonates habe been recorded throughout the year, suggesting a continuous reproductive cycle.5,12,13 When threatened, The Common Blunthead remains static, and when handled, may discharge fetid products from the cloacal glands.2 These snakes are considered docile, rarely attempting to bite.3,12
Conservation: Least Concern Believed to be safe from extinction given current circumstances..28 Imantodes cenchoa is listed in this category due to its wide distribution and presumed large populations, which have not undergone rapid declines. As a snake adapted to disturbed environments, there are no known widespread threats negatively impact its populations.
Distribution: Imantodes cenchoa is widely distributed throughout the Neotropics, from southern Mexico to Argentina. In Ecuador, the species is widespread throughout both the Chocoan and Amazonian lowlands as well as the adjacent foothills of the Andes (Fig. 2).
Figure 2: Distribution of Imantodes cenchoa in Ecuador. See Appendix 1 for a complete list of the presence localities included in the map.
Etymology: The name Imantodes comes from the Latin word immanis (=enormous) and the Greek suffix -odes (=abundance),29 probably referring to the large size of the eyes in relation to the head. The specific epithet cenchoa is derived from the Greek word kenchros (=millet),29 a cereal with an elongated stem, possibly referring to the shape of the body.
See it in the wild: The Common Blunt-headed Snake is in fact the most common arboreal snake wherever it occurs. In western Ecuador, it can be seen with almost complete certainly at Canandé, Buenaventura, and Bilsa biological reserves. In the Amazonian side, it is frequently recorded at Yasuní Scientific Station and the Jatún Sacha Biological Reserve. These snakes can easily be spotted by scanning understory vegetation at night.
Special thanks to Sam Schenker for symbolically adopting the Common Blunt-headed Snake and helping bring the Reptiles of Ecuador book project to life.
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Authors: Amanda Quezada,aAffiliation: Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador. Tatiana Molina-Moreno,bAffiliation: Departamento de Biología, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia. Andrés F. Aponte-Gutiérrez,cAffiliation: Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias de la Orinoquía, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Orinoquía, Arauca, Colombia.,dAffiliation: Fundación Biodiversa Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Danna Duque-Torres,eAffiliation: Grupo de Ornitología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Juan Acosta-Ortiz,bAffiliation: Universidad de los Llanos. Villavicencio, Colombia. and Alejandro ArteagaaAffiliation: Khamai Foundation, Quito, Ecuador.
Photographer: Jose VieirafAffiliation: Tropical Herping (TH), Quito, Ecuador.,gAffiliation: ExSitu, Quito, Ecuador.
How to cite? Quezada A, Molina-Moreno T, Aponte-Gutiérrez A, Duque-Torres D, Acosta-Ortiz J, Arteaga A (2024) Common Blunt-headed Snake (Imantodes cenchoa). In: Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Vieira J (Eds) Reptiles of Ecuador: Life in the middle of the world. Available from: www.reptilesofecuador.com. DOI: 10.47051/AURT2841
Literature cited:
- Pérez-Santos C, Moreno AG (1988) Ofidios de Colombia. Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali, Torino, 517 pp.
- Arteaga A, Bustamante L, Guayasamin JM (2013) The amphibians and reptiles of Mindo. Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito, 257 pp.
- Myers CW (1982) Blunt-headed Vine Snakes (Imantodes) in Panama, including a new species and other revisionary notes. American Museum Novitates 2738: 1–50.
- Savage JM (2002) The amphibians and reptiles of Costa Rica, a herpetofauna between two continents, between two seas. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 934 pp.
- Zug GR, Hedges SB, Sunkel S (1979) Variation in reproductive parameters of three neotropical snakes, Coniophanes fissidens, Dipsas catesbyi, and Imantodes cenchoa. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 300: 1–20.
- Torres-Carvajal O, Yánez-Muñoz MH, Quirola D, Smith E, Almendáriz A (2012) A new species of blunt-headed vine snake (Colubridae, Imantodes) from the Chocó region of Ecuador. Zookeys 244: 91–110. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.244.3950
- Duellman WE (2005) Cusco amazónico: the lives of amphibians and reptiles in an Amazonian rainforest. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 433 pp.
- Nogueira CC, Argôlo AJS, Arzamendia V, Azevedo JA, Barbo FE, Bérnils RS, Bolochio BE, Borges-Martins M, Brasil-Godinho M, Braz H, Buononato MA, Cisneros-Heredia DF, Colli GR, Costa HC, Franco FL, Giraudo A, Gonzalez RC, Guedes T, Hoogmoed MS, Marques OAV, Montingelli GG, Passos P, Prudente ALC, Rivas GA, Sanchez PM, Serrano FC, Silva NJ, Strüssmann C, Vieira-Alencar JPS, Zaher H, Sawaya RJ, Martins M (2019) Atlas of Brazilian snakes: verified point-locality maps to mitigate the Wallacean shortfall in a megadiverse snake fauna. South American Journal of Herpetology 14: 1–274. DOI: 10.2994/SAJH-D-19-00120.1
- Cisneros-Heredia DF (2006) Notes on the distribution and natural history of the Bluntheaded vine snake, Imantodes cenchoa, in Ecuador. Herpetological Bulletin 97: 4–7.
- dos Santos-Costa MC, Maschio GF, da Costa Prudente AL (2015) Natural history of snakes from Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, eastern Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetology Notes 8: 69–98.
- Cunha OR, do Nascimento FP (1994) Ofídios da Amazônia. As cobras da região leste do Pará. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi 9: 1–191.
- Martins M, Oliveira ME (1998) Natural history of snakes in forests of the Manaus region, Central Amazonia, Brazil. Herpetological Natural History 6: 78–150.
- Duellman WE (1978) The biology of an equatorial herpetofauna in Amazonian Ecuador. Publications of the Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas 65: 1–352.
- Solórzano A (2004) Serpientes de Costa Rica. Distribución, taxonomía e historia natural. Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 792 pp.
- Dixon JR, Soini P (1986) The reptiles of the upper Amazon Basin, Iquitos region, Peru. Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, 154 pp.
- Field notes, Reptiles of Ecuador book project.
- Leenders T (2019) Reptiles of Costa Rica: a field guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 625 pp.
- França RC, França FGR (2019) Imantodes cenchoa (Blunt-headed Tree Snake): habitat use. Herpetological Review 50: 592–593.
- Henderson RW, Nickerson MA (1976) Observations on the behavioral ecology of three species of Imantodes (Reptilia, Serpentes, Colubridae). Journal of Herpetology 3: 205–210.
- González-Acosta C, Erb E, Culebras J (2023) First report of predation of Imantodes cenchoa (Colubridae) on Basiliscus galeritus (Corytophanidae) in a tropical humid forest in Colombia. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología, 2023. 6: p. 127-130. DOI: 10.22201/fc.25942158e.2023.2.587
- Cruz-García KC, Chauca N, Zapata N (2023) Predation of Enyalioides praestabilis (Hoplocercidae) by Imantodes cenchoa (Colubridae) on San Miguel de Conchay, Morona Santiago province, Ecuador. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 6: 180–183. DOI: 10.22201/fc.25942158e.2023.2.587
- Scott NJ, Starret A (1974) An unusual breeding aggregation of frogs, with notes on the ecology of Agalychinis spurrelli (Anura: Hylidae). Bulletin of the Southern California Academy of Sciences 73: 86–94.
- Díaz-García JM, Vásquez-Cruz V, Sandoval-Comte A, Ramos-Luna J, Kelly-Hernández A (2023) Depredación de huevos de la rana de cristal norteña Hyalinobatrachium viridissimum por la culebra-cordelilla chata Imantodes cenchoa en un bosque de niebla de Veracruz, México. Revista Latinoamericana de Herpetología 6: 149–153. DOI: 10.22201/fc.25942158e.2023.3.680
- Ramírez-Jaramillo S, González G (2022) Revisión de la dieta de Erythrolamprus aesculapii (Squamata: Colubridae) y un nuevo registro desde Ecuador. Neotropical Biodiversity 8: 73–75. DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2022.2040275
- Bisneto PF, Kaefer IL (2019) Reproductive and feeding biology of the Common Lancehead Bothrops atrox (Serpentes, Viperidae) from central and southwestern Brazilian Amazonia. Acta Amazonica 49:105–113.
- Santos-Costa MV, Prudente ALC (2005) Imantodes cenchoa (Chunk-headed Snake): mating. Herpetological Review 36: 324.
- Eversole CB, Powell RL, Crocker AV, Lizarro D (2018) Imantodes cenchoa (Blunt-headed Treesnake): reproduction. Herpetological Review 49: 343.
- Arzamendia V, Catenazzi A, Chaves G, Fitzgerald L, Gagliardi G, Giraudo A, Gonzales L, Gutiérrez-Cárdenas P, Köhler G, Nogueira C, Renjifo J, Rivas G, Scrocchi G, Solórzano A, Williams J, Murphy J (2019) Imantodes cenchoa. The IUCN Red List of threatened species. Available from: www.iucnredlist.org. DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T197491A2489923.en
- Brown RW (1956) Composition of scientific words. Smithsonian Books, Washington D.C., 882 pp.
Appendix 1: Locality data used to create the distribution map of Imantodes cenchoa in Ecuador (Fig. 2). Go to the section on symbols and abbreviations for a list of acronyms used.
| Country | Province | Locality | Source |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Florencia | MLS 1131 |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Laguna La Culebra | UAM-R-0378; VertNet |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Los Ángeles | SINCHI 990; GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Morelia | Rojas-Morales et al. 2013 |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Parque Natural Andakí | SINCHI 989; GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Pueblo Nuevo, 3.8 km N of | SINCHI 951; GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Resguardo Indígena Huitora | UAM-R-0434; GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Río Orteguaza | GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | San José de Fragua | Rojas-Morales et al. 2013 |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Termales de la Quisaya | SINCHI 871; GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Tres Esquinas | MLS 1132; GBIF |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Vereda Peregrinos | UAM-R-0445; VertNet |
| Colombia | Caquetá | Villa María, Río Orteguaza | MLS 1131; GBIF |
| Colombia | Cauca | Comunidad indígena Sierpe | GBIF |
| Colombia | Cauca | Piamonte | Rojas-Morales et al. 2013 |
| Colombia | Cauca | Vereda Nueva Bellavista | IIAP; GBIF |
| Colombia | Meta | Vereda Manantial | MPUJ 857; GBIF |
| Colombia | Nariño | Candelillas | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Colombia | Nariño | Estación Mar Agrícola | Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020 |
| Colombia | Nariño | Punta Mulatos | GBIF |
| Colombia | Nariño | Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Nariño | Pinto-Erazo et al. 2020 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Bajo Mansoya | Geopark Colombia SAS |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Estación Quinde | MHN-UCa-R-420 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | La Hormiga | Rojas-Morales et al. 2013 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Mansoya | Geopark Colombia SAS |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Mocoa | Rojas-Morales et al. 2013 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Orito | Rojas-Morales et al. 2013 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Puertas del Sol | MLS 2060; GBIF |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Puerto Asís | Cárdenas Hincapié & Lozano Bernal 2023 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Reserva La Isla Escondida | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Simón Bolivar | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Sinaí II Baldío | Geopark Colombia SAS |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Vereda Campucana | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Vereda Islas de Cartagena | IAvH-CT-39141 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Vereda Playa Nueva | Borja-Acosta & Galeano Muñoz 2023 |
| Colombia | Putumayo | Vereda Valle de las Palmeras | Borja-Acosta & Galeano Muñoz 2023 |
| Ecuador | Azuay | Sarayunga | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Bolívar | Santa Rosa de Agua Clara | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Cañar | Finca Huatacón | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Cañar | Ocaña | MZUA.Re.0450; examined |
| Ecuador | Carchi | Chical, road to San Pablo | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Carchi | Destacamento Militar Tobar Donoso | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Carchi | Río San Juán | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Carchi | Sendero Awa | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Carchi | Vía Lita | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Chimborazo | Hostería SantVal | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Cotopaxi | Bosque Privado JDLS | Pellet 2017 |
| Ecuador | Cotopaxi | Guasaganda, 6 km west of | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Cotopaxi | La Envidia | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Cotopaxi | Las Juntas | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Cotopaxi | Las Pampas | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Cotopaxi | Yakusinchi | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | El Oro | Bella María | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | El Oro | Bosque Petrificado Puyango | Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2019. |
| Ecuador | El Oro | California | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | El Oro | Cascadas de Manuel | Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2019. |
| Ecuador | El Oro | Marcabelí | Sánchez & Yánez-Muñoz 2015 |
| Ecuador | El Oro | Marcabelí, 6 km NE of | Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2014 |
| Ecuador | El Oro | Reserva Buenaventura | Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2005 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Bellavista | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Bilsa | Ortega-Andrade et al. 2010 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Bosque Protector La Perla | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Cabeceras de Bilsa | Almendariz & Carr 2007 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Caimito | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Cerro Zapallo | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Charco Vicente | Morales 2004 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Durango | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Durango, 4 km N of | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | El Placer | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Finca Esperanza | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Fundación SIRUA | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Gualpí | Morales 2004 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Inés | Vázquez et al. 2005 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | La Chiquita | Collection database |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | La Mayronga | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | La Tabla | Morales 2004 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Laguna de Cube | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Las Mareas | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lita–Alto Tambo, km 17 | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lita, 10 km W of | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lote Cedeño | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lote Gualpi | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lote Quijano | Yanez-Muñoz 2005 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lote Rosero | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Lote Salvadores | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Luis Vargas Torres, 4 km SE of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Monte Saíno | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Pajonal | Morales 2004 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Partidero-Poza Honda | Vázquez et al. 2005 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Pichiyacu | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Playa de Oro | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Recinto Bilsa, environs of | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Reserva Canandé | Yánez-Muñoz et al. 2005 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Reserva FCAT | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Reserva Tesoro Escondido | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Río Santiago | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | San Lorenzo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | San Lorenzo, 3 km N of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Tangareal | Morales 2004 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Tunda Loma Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Esmeraldas | Zapallo Grande | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Guayas | Cerro Blanco Protected Forest | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Guayas | Cerro de Hayas | MZUA.Re.0386; examined |
| Ecuador | Guayas | Guayaquil | Boulenger 1882 |
| Ecuador | Guayas | Hacienda Balao Chico | UMMZ 123898; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Imbabura | Cielo Verde 3.5 km N of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Imbabura | Lita | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Imbabura | Paramba | Boulenger 1898 |
| Ecuador | Loja | La Hoyada, 2 km N of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Los Ríos | Buena Fe | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Los Ríos | Centro Científico Río Palenque | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Los Ríos | Pueblo Viejo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Los Ríos | Río Baba | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | 10 de Agosto | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Bosque Seco Lalo Loor | Hamilton et al. 2005 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Cerro Pata de Pájaro | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | El Mono, 6 km SE of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Machalilla | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Parque Nacional Machalilla | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Reserva Cerro Seco | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Reserva Jama Coaque | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Manabí | Reserva Tito Santos | Hamilton et a. 2005 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Cusuime | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | El Tiink | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Gualaquiza | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Laguna el Enmascarado | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Limón | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Limón, 7 km N of | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Macuma | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Méndez | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Méndez, ca. 7 km S of | USNM 211000; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Palora | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Río Upano | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | San Miguel de Conchay | Cruz-García et al. 2023 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Sucúa | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Morona Santiago | Wuapula | MZUA.Re.0420; examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Ahuano | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Alto Napo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Anaconda Lodge | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Baeza | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Chontapunta | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Coca | MHNG 2413.014; collection database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Cotundo, 12 km NW of | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | El Chaco | MHNG 2309.081; collection database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Gareno Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Huaorani Lodge | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Jatun Sacha Biological Reserve | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | La Cruz Blanca | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Misahuallí | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Pano, 16 km SW of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Río Hollín | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Río Pucuno | USNM 211005; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Napo | Runa Huasi | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Sendero abajo Cocodrilos | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Sinchi Sacha | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Suchipakari Lodge | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Tena | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Napo | Vía a Pañacocha C | Collection database |
| Ecuador | Napo | Wild Sumaco | Camper et al. 2021 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Yachana Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Napo | Yachana Reserve | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | 24 de mayo, Dayuma | Ramírez-Jaramillo & González 2022 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Ávila Viejo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Campo Pindo | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Cononaco | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Cotapino | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Destacamento Cocaya | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Orellana | El Descanso | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | El Edén | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Estación Tiputini | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Florencia | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Hollín–Loreto | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Laguna Taracoa | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Llunchi | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Loreto | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Pompeya Sur, 10 km S of | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Pozo Nashiño | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Pozo Suco 1 | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Reserva Río Bigal | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | San José de Payamino | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | San Vicente | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Shiripuno Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Tigüino | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Tiputini Biodiversity Station | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Yasuní Scientific Station | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Yuca Sur | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Orellana | Yuturi Lagoon | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | 10 de Agosto, 6.7 km NE of | USNM 211019; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Alpayacu | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Arajuno | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Arutam Fieldstation | SMF 90967; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Bameno | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Bataburo Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Between Abitagua and Mera | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Bobonaza | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Bufeo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Cabeceras de Bobonaza | USNM 211006; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Cachiyacu | USNM 321122; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Campo K10 | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Campo K4 | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Canelos | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Canelos, 9 km W of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Chichirota | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Chontoa | KU 121336; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Coca, 140 km S of | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Comuna Curaray | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Comunidad Pitacocha | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Copataza | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Cueva de los Tayos | UMMZ 88901; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Curaray Medio | ZSFQ 193; examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Destacamento Militar Shiona | RMNH.RENA.50786; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Fátima, 9 km N Puyo | RMNH.RENA.50985; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Finca de Peter Archer | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Finca Heimatlos | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Hemisferios Biodiversity Reserve | GBIF |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Huella Verde Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Jardín Botánico Las Orquídeas | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Kapawi Lodge | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Mera | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Mera, 7 km NE of | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Montalvo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Pomona | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Pozo Garza | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Pucayacu (Río Pucayacu) | USNM 211017; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Puyo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Anzu | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Bobonaza | Zug et al. 1979 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Copataza | USNM 211024; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Corrientes | USNM 211016; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Huiyoyacu, río corrientes | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Rutuno | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Río Villano | USNM 211012; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Santana | SMF 90968 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Sarayacu | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Shell | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Shell-Te Zulay | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Sumak Kawsay In Situ | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Tamandúa | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Teniente Hugo Ortiz | USNM 211020; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Tinajas del Rio Anzu | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Tzarentza | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pastaza | Villano | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Finca Gloria | RMNH.RENA.50733; GBIF |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Hacienda La Hesperia | Brouwer 2018 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Hacienda Yellow House | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Hostería Selva Virgen | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Mangaloma Reserve | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Mashpi Lodge | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Mindo | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Mindo Garden | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Pedro Vicente Maldonado | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Puerto Quito | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Reserva Maquipucuna | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Río Silanche Bird Sanctuary | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Río Toachi | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | San Miguel de los Colorados | USNM 211003; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Pichincha | Santa Rosa de Pacto | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Santa Elena | Comuna Loma Alta | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Santa Elena | El Suspiro | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Santa Elena | Reserva Las Balsas Jocotoco | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas | Hacienda Tinalandia | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas | La Balsareña | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas | Río Baba | KU 146740; VertNet |
| Ecuador | Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas | Santo Domingo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas | Santo Domingo, 5 km W of | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Bloque 27 | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Cabañas Monte Tour | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Campamento Río Verde | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Comunidad Kichwa Cuyabeno | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Cuyabeno Reserve, Río Aguarico | GBIF |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | El Reventador | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Estación PUCE en Cuyabeno | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | La Barquilla | UTA 65487; GBIF |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | La Selva Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Lago Agrio | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Limoncocha | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Lumbaqui | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Napo Wildlife Center | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Pañacocha | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Playas del Cuyabeno | Torres-Carvajal et al. 2012 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Puerto Bolívar | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Puerto Libre | Duellman 1978 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Recinto Sansahuari | Yánez-Muñoz et al. |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Reserva Ecológica Cofán Bermejo | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Rey de los Andes | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Sacha Lodge | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | San Pablo de Kantesiya | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Sani Lodge | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Santa Cecilia | Duellman 1978 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Santa Elena | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Shushufindi | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Shushufindi, 27 km SE of | Inaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Tarapoa | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Sucumbíos | Volcán Reventador | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Tungurahua | Abitagua | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Tungurahua | Mapoto | Fugler & Walls 1978 |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Alto Machinaza | Almendáriz et al. 2014 |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Alto Nangaritza | Guayasamin et al. 2011 |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Bombuscaro | Cisneros-Heredia 2006 |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Finca Yantza | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Pachicutza | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Podocarpus | Arteaga et al. 2013 |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Reserva Maycu | Reptiles of Ecuador book database |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Santa Clara del Vergel | iNaturalist; photo examined |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Shaime | Freile 2010 |
| Ecuador | Zamora Chinchipe | Zamora | UMMZ 82878; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Chávez Valdivia | USNM 316611; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Huampami | MVZ 163430; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Kagka | USNM 316612; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Kusu | MVZ 163284; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | La Poza, on the Rio Santiago | USNM 566578; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Paagat | USNM 316613; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Puesto de Vigilancia Comainas | USNM 525558; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Quebrada Pastasillo | MVZ 175325; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Quebrada Shinganatza | Almendáriz et al. 2014 |
| Perú | Amazonas | San Antonio, vicinity of | USNM 316607; VertNet |
| Perú | Amazonas | Sua, vicinity of | USNM 560429; VertNet |
| Perú | Loreto | Upper Río Comainas | GBIF |